Electron Optics

CAD in light optics and electron optics

In 1854 J. C. Maxwell devised his fish-eye lens a sphere with a radially diminishing refractive index [*1. The optical characteristics of this lens, which can produce aperfect image of an object, as the computer plot above suggests, are fairly easy to calculate analytically. This is not generally the case with optical elements of varying refractive index as used today for data transmission. The...

Electron optics in graphene

In ballistic graphene, electrons behave in many ways similar to photons. By changing the electrostatic potential locally, we realized elements in graphene that are known from optics. But in contrast to conventional optics, gapless p-n interfaces can be formed showing a negative index of refraction and the effect of Klein tunneling. Even more, electron trajectories can be bent by applying a magn...

Levitons for electron quantum optics

Quantum Electron Optics and Its Applications

Electron optics of microlenses with inclined beams

For multielectron beam systems with a single electron source, the outside beams need to be collimated before entering the individual microcolumns. As an alternative of the traditional multibeam source design where the broad beam from the source is collimated by a single lens, the broad beam can be first split in subbeams that are focused by a microlens array and subsequently collimated by a def...